Doppelganger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Doppelganger - Essay Example The Nolans utilize nonlinear account way to deal with catch the topics in the screenplay in an entirely different manner that engages, yet catches new style of a 21st century film. This paper investigations how various styles, for example, mise-en-scene, cinematography, altering and sound plan influence the general result of the topics and feel in â€Å"The Prestige.† Robert Angier and Alfred Borden cut the picture of two would-be illusionists working in agreement in Victorian London, yet upon the unintended disposal of Angier’s spouse, the two characters betray one another; Bordwell (2013) noticed that â€Å"with Julia’s passing, the men become enemies.† Hell-keen on demonstrating that the other is more vulnerable and inadequate, the two gatherings find another middle or center in the exquisite Olivia Wenscombe. By excellence of Wenscome, every one of the two sinks further into riddle trying to exhibit that they he is the more impressive entertainer. â€Å"The Prestige† takes an environmental turn that flawlessly coordinates magic’s normal puzzle and secrecies with very much associated scenes that continually guarantee the crowds follow the story as far as possible while pursuing ceaseless answers for the riddles. Despite the fact that, the storyline bounces starting with one timespan then onto the next with an end goal to underscore the earnestness of the competition between the performers, chief Christopher Nolan obviously portrays the scenes to stay away from any disarray among the crowd. The deliberately planned mise-en-scenes style including the two characters on the closer view around evening time in the outside scene, with lines of bulbs planted to the foundation, for instance, not just makes an interesting public activity of the two characters toward the start of the film, yet in addition summons a specific illusory worth that is both alluring and strange (Bordwell, 2013). Neither one nor the other heroes is dominatingly amiable particularly in obscurity garments they enhance and their shadowy developments. The two men have by one way or another

Is aggression in man Adaptive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is animosity in man Adaptive - Essay Example After detecting them, they are refined through inward alterations achieved by learning and hormonal changes. Animosity at that point is really an activity driven by a modified arrangement of synthetic reactions inside the body that readies a creature to the genuine or looming danger. There are eight types of hostility as per E.O. Wilson. Regional, predominance, sexual, parental disciplinary, weaning, moralistic, savage, and hostile to ruthless animosity, are instruments by which creatures improve their qualification for endurance and propagation (1980, p.118). For instance, by showing regional hostility, a creature will secure his both living space and his family. These modified organic reactions to different ecological dangers bear elevated levels of heritability, as indicated by the examines made by E.O. Wilson, which develops its hereditary nature and gives verification that forceful conduct is versatile. Moreover, a few species' forceful practices are specific, generalized and exceptionally unsurprising (1980, p.122). This further approves animosity's versatile nature. People face similar types of hostility and, essentially carry on forcefully as those of creatures. A human dad is likewise defensive on his home a similar path as a lion is to his region. He can get savage to a point that he would execute somebody in the event that he observes a cheat taking properties in his home. This is one a battle or flight reaction of people to unfriendly conditions. People are likewise attentive about the outer ecological possibilities, for example, experiences outside the gathering, food, swarming, regular change (Wilson 1980, 122-123). Wilson gave a similarity between a trial of packed of felines and rodents to that of individuals in focus and detainees of-war camps wherein stuffing caused both referenced creatures and people to carry on forcefully to one another during extraordinary conditions (1997, p.127). While encountering upsetting and compromising conditions, people and creatures share similar responses. People likewise have the inner instruments as that of creatures that outcomes to forceful conduct. Both have the abilities to hold past encounters in their cerebrums. In spite of the fact that there are contrasts in the impacts of hormonal discharges for various creatures, explicitly vertebrates (as in the various responses of estrogen to various species) hormones are as yet answerable for the hostility of the two creatures and people. A genuine case of this is epinephrine, a hormone that triggers the battle or-flight reaction in people. Besides, the two methods of rivalry recommend that creatures have contrived different approaches to pick up preferred position of others. While direct hostility, being the principal mode, can achieve this objective, a few species executes a few different ways to commonly rebuff one another. A few types of ants utilize authoritative methods so as to win the opposition (Wilson, 1980). People have as a rule been taking part in rivalry both by direct hostility and by common shock. Huge numbers of our exercises are serious in nature and members thus use animosity in a gainful manner to command their opponents. In any case, however people experience similar data sources that causes animosity and offer the equivalent inside mechani

How To Write A Strong Thesis Statement

How To Write A Strong Thesis Statement EP 34: How To Write A Strong Thesis Statement EP 34: How To Write A Strong Thesis Statement Have you ever read the introduction to an essay and asked, So what? This is likely because it did not have a strong thesis statement. This week Cath Anne will walk you through the process of writing a strong thesis statement and then give you 3 tips on how to take your thesis statement to the next level! Join us on Episode 34! Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: [00:00:05] Hi there and welcome back to our channel. My name is Cath Anne and this is Episode 34 of The Homework Help Show. On The Homework Help Show we provide you with valuable content for your academic and student life. Just a quick reminder before we do jump into the content for today. Join me every Monday at 7:00p.m. Eastern Standard Time on Instagram live. I will check in and have a little chat and remind you guys to check out our upcoming videos. Love to see you guys there. Cath Anne: [00:00:40] This week we will be reviewing how to take your thesis statement to the next level. If youre interested, we reviewed how to write an effective thesis statement in Episode 3 of The Homework Help Show. So, check that out. We will link it in the description box below. This week we will review the fundamentals of writing a thesis statement and then I will give you three steps to take your thesis statement to the next level. Oh yeah, and we might talk a little bit about pizza. Cath Anne: [00:01:13] What? Wait for it. Okay lets get started. Cath Anne: [00:01:19] Have you ever read the opening paragraph of a paper and asked, So what? If so this is probably because the paper didnt have an effective statement. Thesis statement. Dont underestimate the value of a good thesis statement. It tells your reader what to expect and what youll be arguing throughout the course of your paper. Cath Anne: [00:01:42] Okay, so how do we write a goods thesis statement? This is where we talk about pizza. Cath Anne: [00:01:50] Step number 1: pick a topic. To write an effective thesis statement you first need a topic for your paper. Todays topic pizza! Now that you have a topic for your paper. Think about what you want to discuss. Cath Anne: [00:02:08] This is where you start to begin to develop your thesis statement. Cath Anne: [00:02:13] Step number 2: Be specific. Lets begin to develop some ideas about pizza. Cath Anne: [00:02:23] A lot of people love pizza. The problem with this thesis is that its not very specific. Can we make it more specific by asking, who eats pizza? Why do they eat pizza? Who loves pizza? And why do they love it? Cath Anne: [00:02:42] Lets get more specific. University students love pizza because most pizza places deliver. Thats a bit better but readers are still going to ask, So what?. You really want to make sure that people care about your pizza argument. [00:03:07] So, lets keep trying. You havent yet included your opinion about pizza and we all know you love pizza. [00:03:17] Step 3: be arguable. The most recent revision, University students love pizza because most places deliver does not argue anything. It just states of fact. Think about how you can create an argument about pizza. What is it that you want to say about pizza? Imagine that youve been cramming all night at the library and you decide to order some food with your friends. One of your friends suggests McDonalds and you feel very strongly that you should order pizza. [00:03:56] How would you convince them to order pizza? Lets try another revision. University students love pizza because its convenient. Now were getting a little bit closer. We have a specific statement, and it makes an arguable point. We are still missing some information though, it doesnt explain why it is convenient and it doesnt tell the reader the key points of the paper. [00:04:29] Moving on to Step 4: create a mini outline of the paper. A thesis statement will provide readers with a clear outline of what they can expect in the remainder of the paper. When readers see the thesis statement as is, they will understand the subject and the argument. But they wont know what to expect in the remainder of your paper. [00:04:53] Lets do another revision. University students like pizza because it is convenient, healthy, and cheap. [00:05:05] This thesis statement seems pretty good, right? It includes a topic. The point is arguable. It gives a mini outline of what to expect. [00:05:17] However, the wording is not appropriate for an academic paper. You still have to revise and make sure that it is clear and academically appropriate. [00:05:29] Step 5: choose the right words. Were almost finished, I promise. Lets look at the thesis statement as is: University students like pizza because it is convenient, healthy, and cheap. [00:05:46] Ask yourself these questions to refine your thesis statement: [00:05:51] Do all students like pizza? Are the words cheap and healthy the most effective words to get your point across? [00:06:01] Lets try another revision. Many university students love pizza because it is budget friendly, convenient, and a relatively healthy option. Now thats a thesis statement. It includes a topic. Your argument. It is clear specific, arguable and it provides the reader with a mini outline of your paper and of course now it is worded effectively. That thesis statement deserves celebration. Lets order some pizza. [00:06:42] Okay, while we wait for the pizza, we have written an effective thesis statement. Now, lets talk about three ways to take your statement to the next level. Make sure you do your research prior to writing a thesis statement. Being familiar with the information out there well help you to find a legitimate argument and be familiar with the topic that youre discussing. It will make it way easier for you to write an effective thesis statement. Dont bury your thesis statement in the body of your first paragraph. You wanted to be at least the second to last sentence or the very last sentence in your introduction paragraph. Finally be creative and use your own words when you copy another persons opinion or argument you are risking the chance of plagiarism. Writing a well crafted original thesis statement will get you good points with your professor and make you stand out as a student. [00:07:56] Okay. So, I hope that was a benefit to you. I dont want to hold you up. Youre probably waiting for your pizza. If you do have any questions, please let me know in the comments below. If you want to listen to any more of our content, weve also linked all of our social media platforms in the description box. Definitely check those out. If you did like this video, please give it a thumbs up and make sure you subscribe to your channel so you can stay in the loop. Thats it for this week guys. I hope to talk to you soon. I hope this is a benefit. Take care. How To Write A Strong Thesis Statement EP 34: How To Write A Strong Thesis Statement EP 34: How To Write A Strong Thesis Statement Have you ever read the introduction to an essay and asked, So what? This is likely because it did not have a strong thesis statement. This week Cath Anne will walk you through the process of writing a strong thesis statement and then give you 3 tips on how to take your thesis statement to the next level! Join us on Episode 34! Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: [00:00:05] Hi there and welcome back to our channel. My name is Cath Anne and this is Episode 34 of The Homework Help Show. On The Homework Help Show we provide you with valuable content for your academic and student life. Just a quick reminder before we do jump into the content for today. Join me every Monday at 7:00p.m. Eastern Standard Time on Instagram live. I will check in and have a little chat and remind you guys to check out our upcoming videos. Love to see you guys there. Cath Anne: [00:00:40] This week we will be reviewing how to take your thesis statement to the next level. If youre interested, we reviewed how to write an effective thesis statement in Episode 3 of The Homework Help Show. So, check that out. We will link it in the description box below. This week we will review the fundamentals of writing a thesis statement and then I will give you three steps to take your thesis statement to the next level. Oh yeah, and we might talk a little bit about pizza. Cath Anne: [00:01:13] What? Wait for it. Okay lets get started. Cath Anne: [00:01:19] Have you ever read the opening paragraph of a paper and asked, So what? If so this is probably because the paper didnt have an effective statement. Thesis statement. Dont underestimate the value of a good thesis statement. It tells your reader what to expect and what youll be arguing throughout the course of your paper. Cath Anne: [00:01:42] Okay, so how do we write a goods thesis statement? This is where we talk about pizza. Cath Anne: [00:01:50] Step number 1: pick a topic. To write an effective thesis statement you first need a topic for your paper. Todays topic pizza! Now that you have a topic for your paper. Think about what you want to discuss. Cath Anne: [00:02:08] This is where you start to begin to develop your thesis statement. Cath Anne: [00:02:13] Step number 2: Be specific. Lets begin to develop some ideas about pizza. Cath Anne: [00:02:23] A lot of people love pizza. The problem with this thesis is that its not very specific. Can we make it more specific by asking, who eats pizza? Why do they eat pizza? Who loves pizza? And why do they love it? Cath Anne: [00:02:42] Lets get more specific. University students love pizza because most pizza places deliver. Thats a bit better but readers are still going to ask, So what?. You really want to make sure that people care about your pizza argument. [00:03:07] So, lets keep trying. You havent yet included your opinion about pizza and we all know you love pizza. [00:03:17] Step 3: be arguable. The most recent revision, University students love pizza because most places deliver does not argue anything. It just states of fact. Think about how you can create an argument about pizza. What is it that you want to say about pizza? Imagine that youve been cramming all night at the library and you decide to order some food with your friends. One of your friends suggests McDonalds and you feel very strongly that you should order pizza. [00:03:56] How would you convince them to order pizza? Lets try another revision. University students love pizza because its convenient. Now were getting a little bit closer. We have a specific statement, and it makes an arguable point. We are still missing some information though, it doesnt explain why it is convenient and it doesnt tell the reader the key points of the paper. [00:04:29] Moving on to Step 4: create a mini outline of the paper. A thesis statement will provide readers with a clear outline of what they can expect in the remainder of the paper. When readers see the thesis statement as is, they will understand the subject and the argument. But they wont know what to expect in the remainder of your paper. [00:04:53] Lets do another revision. University students like pizza because it is convenient, healthy, and cheap. [00:05:05] This thesis statement seems pretty good, right? It includes a topic. The point is arguable. It gives a mini outline of what to expect. [00:05:17] However, the wording is not appropriate for an academic paper. You still have to revise and make sure that it is clear and academically appropriate. [00:05:29] Step 5: choose the right words. Were almost finished, I promise. Lets look at the thesis statement as is: University students like pizza because it is convenient, healthy, and cheap. [00:05:46] Ask yourself these questions to refine your thesis statement: [00:05:51] Do all students like pizza? Are the words cheap and healthy the most effective words to get your point across? [00:06:01] Lets try another revision. Many university students love pizza because it is budget friendly, convenient, and a relatively healthy option. Now thats a thesis statement. It includes a topic. Your argument. It is clear specific, arguable and it provides the reader with a mini outline of your paper and of course now it is worded effectively. That thesis statement deserves celebration. Lets order some pizza. [00:06:42] Okay, while we wait for the pizza, we have written an effective thesis statement. Now, lets talk about three ways to take your statement to the next level. Make sure you do your research prior to writing a thesis statement. Being familiar with the information out there well help you to find a legitimate argument and be familiar with the topic that youre discussing. It will make it way easier for you to write an effective thesis statement. Dont bury your thesis statement in the body of your first paragraph. You wanted to be at least the second to last sentence or the very last sentence in your introduction paragraph. Finally be creative and use your own words when you copy another persons opinion or argument you are risking the chance of plagiarism. Writing a well crafted original thesis statement will get you good points with your professor and make you stand out as a student. [00:07:56] Okay. So, I hope that was a benefit to you. I dont want to hold you up. Youre probably waiting for your pizza. If you do have any questions, please let me know in the comments below. If you want to listen to any more of our content, weve also linked all of our social media platforms in the description box. Definitely check those out. If you did like this video, please give it a thumbs up and make sure you subscribe to your channel so you can stay in the loop. Thats it for this week guys. I hope to talk to you soon. I hope this is a benefit. Take care.

Practice in Identifying Helping Verbs in English

A helping verb (also called an auxiliary verb) is a verb (such as have, do, or will) that comes before the main verb in a sentence. This exercise will give you practice in identifying helping verbs. Instructions Each of the following 15 sentences contains at least one helping verb. Identify the helping verb(s) in each sentence, and then compare your answers with those on page two. Keep in mind that more than one helping verb (such as has been) can be used in front of a main verb. In addition, remember that sometimes another word (such as not) separates the helping verb from the main verb. My sister has promised to come with us to the Thousand Islands.Sam and Dave will prepare a PowerPoint presentation for the class.I must return to Yellowstone National Park to appreciate its significance and astonishing beauty.We should read another book by E.B. White.We should not waste our time watching TV.My brother will be flying out of Cleveland tomorrow morning.We have been studying all week for the final exam.Katie has not been studying very hard.My car was stolen by a couple of kids out for a good time.I can help you tonight if you will drive me home later.Thousands of people, braving the cold and the rain, had been waiting for hours for the band to show up.Tony and his friends are bored with their lives, and so they are always looking for trouble.I know that I must make a decision soon, but first I may ask my teacher for advice.Marie could not start her car this morning, so she will probably not go into work at all today.I have finished the quiz on helping verbs, and now I am going home.   Below are the answers (in bold) to the practice exercise in  Identifying Helping Verbs. My sister  has  promised to come with us to the Thousand Islands.Sam and Dave  will  prepare a PowerPoint presentation for the class.I  must  return to Yellowstone National Park to appreciate its significance and astonishing beauty.We  should  read another book by E.B. White.We  should  not waste our time watching TV.My brother  will be  flying out of Cleveland tomorrow morning.We  have been  studying all week for the final exam.Katie  has  not  been  studying very hard.My car  was  stolen by a couple of kids out for a good time.I  can  help you tonight if you  will  drive me home later.Thousands of people, braving the cold and the rain,  had been  waiting for hours for the band to show up.Tony and his friends  are  bored with their lives, and so they  are  always looking for trouble.I know that I  must  make a decision soon, but first I  may  ask my teacher for advice.Marie  could  not start her car this morning , so she  will  probably not go into work at all today.I  have  finished the quiz on helping verbs, and now I  am  going home.

My Childhood Memories Of A Middle Class Family - 1040 Words

I was born in a middle-class family in southern China. Both of my parents are white-collar workers. We lived in a small apartment with an old turtle. As the only child, my parents have a lot of expectations for me, but become an artist is not one of it. Like what they said, There are not art cells in our body. After all, we are just ordinary people. In my childhood memories, I was not allowed to play outdoor like other children because I am really easy to get sick. My mom quit her job in order to take better care of me. According to her, my favorite activity was to scribble on the wall, I have my masterpiece on any place in the house that I can touch. My mom very supports suck activity, and sometimes she would even join me. I remember when I was five, my mom bought me a drawing pad with 12-color pencils as the birthday gift. From now on, you are not allowed to draw on the wall! she said. But I do it anyway. When I was in elementary school I will stay at my grandparents house during weekdays, and spent the weekend with my parents. I performed well in school, especially in drawing class. I always brought back all kinds of work I did in class to show them. My mom will hang them in a prominent place on the wall. Anyone who comes and visits us will see those works. Although they are surprised about my potential talet, but no one suggests that I should go further with drawing. Time flies, I graduated from elementary school, and went into junior high. I still draw,Show MoreRelatedBiosocial Development And Biosocial Development1276 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscontinuous development that is occurring at various stages of their young and middle child life span. In each section of my paper I plan to include specific subsections on the biosocial, cognitive, and psychosocial development of my chosen subject. This chosen subject will be my eleven year old sister, Faith Elizabeth Lattimore. 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However, life wouldn’t let me do so. There is one song that can express my feeling right now. It was â€Å"See you Again† by Wiz Khalifa. This song reminds me some of my happiest time in my life with my friends. The song â€Å"See you Again† is fromRead MorePersonal Human Growth And Development Timeline944 Words   |  4 Pagestimeline Going through this class and learning about each of the different phases was interesting. To go through and see which ones I have personally experienced. When we started to get in late adulthood it was slightly depressing thinking about growing old and the factor of death. Each part of our development we go through will mater when we reach that point in our lives if you think about it in that context. That’s why it is important to know your family history in order to plan for you futureRead More Seamus Heaney Tony Curtis Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesfather. 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Reservation Documentation Free Essays

1. 1 Statement of the Problem We want all of our system releases to go to production seamlessly, without defects, where everyone is aware and informed of the outcomes and status. The general problem of the client is they need a computerized system that can reserve the room and resort that they want, for them to be easy to list the number of rooms that is available, this system will emphasize the difference of using the manual reservation and the computerized reservation. We will write a custom essay sample on Reservation Documentation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Paradise tours is the company who needed this computerized system for reservation, It is important to fix this problem because if we will not focus in this robber, it will be hard for the Paradise tours staff to list the activities that they need to list, if our system could help their problem then they will not have hard time to reserve their customers room. 1. 1 The Current State of the Technology Apparently, the business establishment is currently using the traditional manual system of Reservation processing. That of which includes the facilities, amenities, pools, rooms of the said company. Considering that it is a large line of business that’s Why they needed the computerized system for them to manage the reservation process in 1. 2 Objectives * To avoid manual and repetitive work Real time information of availability of rooms * Improving decision making * To provide a web site that can allow a user to search and reserve a hotel room or cancel his/her reservation over the internet anytime. * To record details of various activities of the user. 1. 3. General Objectives * If we’re using Manual reservation, it may consume more time in listing the information for reservation. When using our system, it will be easier for the staff record and manipulate the information in reserving. * It will be clearer to see the availability of rooms, so you can know already if the room is available or not. Enhances your decision ability in choosing. * It will be easier for the customer to bro wse the different information of different resorts and hotels and at the same time, if they changed their mind, they can cancel or change their reserving schedule. You can see the log activities of cancelled reservation, occupied rooms, etc. Managed by the user. 1. 3. 2 Specific Objectives 1 . To increase the security between the management and staff. And easily to save and retrieve files through computer. 2. To lessen time consume. In Just one click you can browse and you can see easily see the accommodation of each toll and restaurant and also the promo they give than the manual reservation, you need go to the hotel or resort to inquire to. 3. To spend less time in searching and retrieving of files. By using our database you can easily search, retrieve and also add anything you want in just one click than the manual step or reservation 4. To become make easier to find the availability rooms. You can easily browse and see the availability of each rooms and their accommodation, just you need to do is to their website than go to their place instantly. 1. 3. 3 Scope and Limitations This study is conducted to know the reason behind the represents on how will their purposed systems will help the Hotel Management. Hotel Reservation System is fully scalable and designed to provide extensive flexibility and varied choices. Typical hotel reservation and commerce hotel system software reclassification’s currently in p lace and available today are technically designed to achieve only one objective function, which to connect BUYER TO SELLER. This study mainly focused on providing retailing business application using computerized system that enables businesses to track services and aims to provide accurate and reliable recess on every transaction especially in a hotel and resort reservation. This study looked into a better impact of using technology today on how it affects our daily lives especially for being the customer. With this studies it can help our beneficiaries to know the differences of using manual system to a computerized generation today, prioritize is to prove and to give them the right information. Limitation Hotel Reservation System is designed to manage all types of hotel bookings, made directly by guests . Lets powerful hotel reservation, marketing ; merchandising features give you the ability o control dynamic room or tour allotments, distribute confidential trade rates, provide varying rates and commissions, multiple seasons, distributing last minute rates, multi-currency including the Euro and so much more. The hotel reservation system will allow you to dynamically control most of your hotel reservation without the need for expensive web designer. The existing system only provides text-based interface, which is not as user-friendly as Graphical user Interface. The transactions are executed in off-line mode, hence on- line unless it is opened by the user. 1. 3. Methodology of study waterfall Model (OSDL) The system Development Life Cycle (OSDL) is a traditional methodology used to develop, maintain and replace or enhance information system. The main reason OSDL model is chosen because in OSDL it is possible to complete some activities in one phase in parallel with some activities of another phase. The life cycle can also be interactive that is phase are repeated as required until an acceptable system is found. Phase 1: Project identification and selection In this phase the project information system needs are identified and analyzed such identified the title of the project that is Web Based Computerized Hotel and Resort Reservation, scope and objective of the Computerized Hotel and Resort Reservation. Phase 2: Project Initiation and Planning During this phase the chart has been developed as a time line to determining the task involve in developing the Computerized Hotel and Resort Reservation. Phase 3: Analysis In the phase, the existing system is studies by collecting the information through the Internet and analyzed the information to get alternatives for the use of proposed system. Phase 4: Design Logical design is the fourth phase in OSDL methodology. The functional features chosen for the proposed system in Analysis phase are described. Part of the logical design of information system is to devise the user interface. The interface plays an important role to connect the user with the system and is thus extremely important for the security of users. 1. 3. 5 Data Gathering Procedure and Output These are the procedure or tools for gathering our data in research used as basis for our conclusions or making our system. Some of our procedures are interviews, observations, research and analysis used by the proponents as they conduct the proposed study. Interview: we interview of some hotels and resort about their different accommodations and other important information the we need to know and what details we need to input into our systems and to have an idea about the reservation of a hotel or resort Observation: we observe different hotels and resort of how they operate their business, we also observe for us to know what is the advantage and limitations of manual reservation system through computerized reservation system. Research and analysis: also hotels and resort for getting important information we need. How to cite Reservation Documentation, Papers

Leung Hoi Ning (14) Class 6S Group No. 8 Date of experiment 9-12-03 Essay Example

Leung Hoi Ning (14) Class: 6S Group No.: 8 Date of experiment: 9-12-03 Essay Objective We are studying the simple harmonic motion of a pendulum by attaching a ticker-tape to the bob and analyzing the dots marked on the tape.Experimental Design- Apparatus: 0.5 kg ringed mass1.5 m length of stringTicker-tape timerTicker-tapeLow voltage power supply (a.c.)Retort stand and clamp- Procedure for getting the ticker-tape1. A string with 1.5 m long was measured and tied with the 0.5 kg ringed mass2. Set the pendulum as shown in figure 1Figure 13. The ticker-tape timer was connected to the low voltage power supple (a.c.)4. The retort clamp was used to hold the clamp tightly so it would not vibrate when the mass was swinging.5. A 30cm ticker-tape was attached to the ringed mass6. The 0.5 kg ringed mass was pulled to one side with amplitude of 13cm from the equilibrium position.7. The power supply and the ticker-tape timer were switched on.8. The 0.5 kg ringed mass was allowed to swing to the other side after a few dots were stroke on the same place of the ticker-tape.9. The ticker-tape timer was switched off when the 0.5 kg ringed mass began to swing back to the equilibrium position.10. Step (3) to step(7) were repeated until 5 more ticker-tapes were got.- Procedures for plotting graphs1. The dots marked on the tape were examined.2. The tape, which the dots were perfectly stroke, was chosen.3. The two most widely spaced dots were marked on the tape. This gives the zero position (equilibrium position) of the pendulum bob.4. Every third dot from the zero position on the tape was marked. The displacement of these points from the zero position was measured and the corresponding time was worked out. Time interval between successful dots = 0.02 second.5. These data was plotted on a displacement-time graph (on Page 3 ).6. The velocity was worked out from the slopes of the curve in the displacement-time graph.The velocity-time graph was plotted (on Page 4 ).7. The acceleration was worked out from the slopes of curve in the velocity-time graph. The corresp onding displacement was found. The displacement-acceleration graph and the acceleration-time graph were plotted (on Page 5 and 6 ).Result:Displaccement x/cm11.610.48.86.54.60-2.9-5.9-8.3-10.2-11.7-12.4Time t/s0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.01.11.2Velocity v/ cm/s-1.15-2-2.3-2.6-3.3-3.7-2.8-2.5-2.3-1.45-0.8-0.55Time t/s0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.01.11.2Acceleration a/ cm/sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-1.55-1.43-1.25-0.95-0.6500.40.81.151.451.651.75Displaccement x/m0.1160.1040.0880.0650.0460-0.029-0.059-0.083-0.102-0.117-0.124Acceleration a/ cm/sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-1.55-1.43-1.25-0.95-0.6500.40.81.151.451.651.75Time t/s0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.01.11.2Data evaluation:From the displacement-time graph, the curve is a half cycled cosine curve. The curve in the velocity-time graph is a negative, half-cycled sine curve. The curve in the acceleration-time graph is a negative, half-cycled cosine curve. From the acceleration-displacement graph, a straight line was shown, which the acceleration is always in the op posite direction and is directly proportional to the displacement. So we can use the following equation to represent the motion:a = -w à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ x(where a is the acceleration, w is the angular velocity ( a positive constant ), x is the displacement)The definition of simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) is:1. the acceleration of a particle is* directed towards a fixed point* directly proportional to its distance from that poing2. the acceleration is always in the opposite direction to the displacementSo, the equation a = -wà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½x proved that the pendulum performed S.H.M.Also, for a S.H.M. the angular velocity (w) is kept constant. Period (T) is equal to 2?/w, so the period is also kept constant and is independent of amplitude and mass of the bob.From the graphs the value of w is more or less the same within the motion.time0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.01.11.2w0.0070.010.010.010.020.020.020.020.020.020.010.03As period (T) = 2? / wSo the period is also more or less the same within the motion.DiscussionBackground information of simple harmonic motion.There is a close connection between circular motion and simple harmonic motion. Consider an object experiencing uniform circular motion, such as a mass sitting on the edge of a rotating turntable. This is two-dimensional motion, and the x and y position of the object at any time can be found by applying the equations:The motion is uniform circular motion, meaning that the angular velocity is constant, and the angular displacement is related to the angular velocity by the equation:Plugging this in to the x and y positions makes it clear that these are the equations giving the coordinates of the object at any point in time, assuming the object was at the position x = r on the x-axis at time = 0:How does this relate to simple harmonic motion? An object experiencing simple harmonic motion is traveling in one dimension, and its one-dimensional motion is given by an equation of the formThe amplitude is simply the maximu m displacement of the object from the equilibrium position.So, in other words, the same equation applies to the position of an object experiencing simple harmonic motion and one dimension of the position of an object experiencing uniform circular motion. Note that the In the SHM displacement equation is known as the angular frequency. It is related to the frequency (f) of the motion, and inversely related to the period (T):The frequency is how many oscillations there are per second, having units of hertz (Hz); the period is how long it takes to make one oscillation.Velocity in SHMIn simple harmonic motion, the velocity constantly changes, oscillating just as the displacement does. When the displacement is maximum, however, the velocity is zero; when the displacement is zero, the velocity is maximum. It turns out that the velocity is given by:Acceleration in SHMThe acceleration also oscillates in simple harmonic motion. If you consider a mass on a spring, when the displacement is zer o the acceleration is also zero, because the spring applies no force. When the displacement is maximum, the acceleration is maximum, because the spring applies maximum force; the force applied by the spring is in the opposite direction as the displacement. The acceleration is given by:Note that the equation for acceleration is similar to the equation for displacement. The acceleration can in fact be written as:All of the equations above, for displacement, velocity, and acceleration as a function of time, apply to any system undergoing simple harmonic motion. What distinguishes one system from another is what determines the frequency of the motionWe choose a 1.5 m long string and the amplitude to be 13 cm because we need to ensure the swing angle is less than 5 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. The restoring force F = ma = mgsin?, which always tends to bring the object back to the original (zero) position.For very small ?,?S.H.M.After studying the x-t, v-t, x-a and a-t graphs , I know more about the ph ase angle. The following figure shows three instant in the motion of a pendulum.At H, the acceleration a is maximum and positive. A quarter cycle later, at O, the velocity v is maximum and positive. Another quarter cycle later, the position x is maximum and positive at K. One cycle corresponds to an increase of 2? or 360à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. So a quarter cycle corresponds to 1/2 ? or 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Thus,- the acceleration leads the velocity by 1/2 ?- the velocity leads the position by 1/2 ?Conversely, the velocity lags the acceleration by 1/2 ?, and the position lags the velocity by 1/2 ?. The acceleration and position are out of phase by ?, i.e. they are in antiphase. These differnences in the value of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ are called phase difference.The velocity and acceleration of the bob, just like the displacement, can be described by rotating vectors of magnitude wA and wà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½A respectively. The relative phase relations, i.e. a leads v by 1/2? and v leads x by 1/2?, a re obvious from such a figure.At H At O At KThe new equations for displacement, velocity and acceleration are as follows:x = Acosà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½v = -wAsin(à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ + 1/2 ? )a = -wà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Acos(à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ + ? )As a = -(g/l)xwà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ = g/lw = (g/l)1/2T = 2? /wPeriod is not only dependent on the swing angle, but also the length of string, while the amplitude and mass do not affect the period. So it is isochronous.Error AnalysisIn this experiment, the errors mainly come from frictions, with air and within the string, as well as the friction between the ticker-tape and the chair. They act as a damping force and slow down the motion. So energy is lost continuously to overcome the fictions. This damping force is directly proportional but in opposite direction to the velocity of the bob. The damping force is equal to -bv where b is a positive constant and v is the velocity of the bob. Now the restoring force is no long equal to mgsinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. The new equation of restoring is ma = mgsinà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ bv. The expression a = -(g/l)x is no longer be obtained. So the motion is not simple harmonic one anymore.The swing angle is difficult to keep under 5 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. So if an angle larger then 5 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ is used, the equationscannot be held and so the motion is not a simple harmonic one.When leave the ringed mass and let it to swing, we may give an external force to it. Also the mass oscillates horizontally during the swinging motion. These may affect the swing angle and the velocity of the bob and this explained why the dots on the v-t graph cannot connect together to form a smooth curve.Another big problem is to measure the slopes of the curves accurately. This explains why the dots in v-t, x-a and a-t graphs cannot connect together to form smooth curves and straight line.Improvements1. Hold the mass stationary for a while before leaving it. Try not to exert any force to the mass.2. Twist the clamp as tight as possible so the whole system will not vibrat e or oscillate.3. Set the ticker-tape timer at a place which cannot touch the chair, while keeping on the same horizontal plane with the mass.4. use a plane mirror to get the normal of the dots and then calculate the slopes of the dots.ConclusionsSimple pendulum is a kind of simple harmonic oscillator. The experimental results satisfied the equation for simple harmonic motion ( a = wx)

Critical Reading Essays

Critical Reading Essays Critical Reading Essay Critical Reading Essay I. Introduction The original proprietor had highlighted the full book? literally. Every line on every page had been drawn through with a bright green Magic Marker. It was a terrific illustration of a head that had lost all power of favoritism. -Florence King Being a pupil requires reading? and a batch of it. Some love it. some hatred it. However. we can’t get away it. Reading is portion of a student’s life. and the length of clip spent on it defines the sort of pupil one is. It is a challenge to even get down traveling through the first page. all the more to complete it until the terminal. And yet. to understand is wholly a different narrative. Reading has been described as a gateway to research new universes. a key to unlock the hoarded wealth of infinite cognition. or an escape door from world. The manner you describe it reflects your value for it. It needs to exceed the sense of sight in order to perforate the encephalon. Wordss read with the eyes do non intend the same as to words read with the head. And as a pupil steps higher in the ladder of instruction. reading comprehension matures with the addition in the degree of critical thought. Students are exposed to different reading stuffs. At present. the cyberspace has become the most popular beginning of information due to its handiness and easiness of usage. With merely a individual chink. one is exposed to a broad array of information. Scholarly diaries are considered to be the most dependable beginning of research-based information because articles are editor and peer-reviewed by faculty members in their field ( Trembay Jr. . 5 ) . This is rarely used. nevertheless. really utile. Books. on the other manus. are the reading stuff that pupils are most open to. Since every class or capable they enrol in has a mention text edition. it is non a surprise that after acquiring a college sheepskin. he/she has already come across at least 100 text editions. This paper focuses on how a pupil could be a critical reader when analyzing textbooks. It recognizes the procedure pupils go through in line with their reading assignment? get downing to read. reading the text edition per Se. and measuring the information delivered in order to interpret the information read into meaningful spots of cognition for the pupil. II. Strategies/ Skills A. Fixing to Study. Before even get downing to get down a reading assignment. a pupil should be ready or at least be cognizant of how he/she would efficaciously absorb what he/she would be reading. There are a figure of thoughts and tips to acquire the ball turn overing on analyzing. Some might wish to analyze entirely in a quiet topographic point ; some do it while listening to music ; while others study in forepart of the telecasting. Although people have different ways of analyzing. it is of import that they become perceptive to assorted techniques that are available for them to perchance better their academic public presentation. Knowing more about how you learn will assist you understand more from your text edition reading ( Rasool. 33 ) . For what is effectual for one might non be for another. it is of import to detect for yourself your ain expression for larning. First of wholly. we need to excite ourselves for the information rush in a mode that sufficient clip has been allocated for analyzing and a contributing survey topographic point is achieved for all academic-related activities. For everything that you read. be certain to hold a intent on it? whether it is merely to hold a hint on what the pages are approximately. to memorise in readying for a quiz. to knock the points given in a text. or others. Definition of the intent would assist in your choice to where you should concentrate your attending and to those that you could acquire through without. For pupils. this is a really noteworthy advice. Often. reading assignments cover one chapter of a book or a more than 3-paged short narrative. In connexion with that. here’s a surprise lesson in reading: Don’t ever read everything? skim. scan. glimpse and skip ( Johnson. 447 ) . Yes. this is true. Believe it. Now before instructors and professors begin to raise their supercilium and before pupils get uncontrollably joyful. there is some advice of cautiousness that follows. The four techniques mentioned doubtless reduces the length of clip you spend on reading. but you’ve got to cognize when to utilize it and when non to. Planing involves turn uping the chief thought of a text. Once located. this chief thought would give you an overview for the back uping statements that you would hold to read afterwards. Remember that planing is used merely when your intent for reading allows you to read for general constructs instead than specific information ( McWhorter. 453 ) . If you already know the text that you are about to read. so use scanning. Aside from traveling straight to what you need. other words that pass through your scanning fingertips would somehow brassy to your encephalon. Therefore. you are exposed to the other information of the text. Glancing may be used to observe organisational form of a text as you fundamentally go over the text in no peculiar order. Last. you could jump some parts of a text because either you feel that it is non excessively relevant or you already know the inside informations of what is being discussed. There are two things that we need to possess to acquire things traveling: motive and self-denial. Motivation gives you the thrust to prosecute what is needed to be done. It eliminates negative ideas that hinder the fulfillment of your ends. Self-discipline. on the other manus. is the commanding factor to your pursued nonsubjective. If motive gives you the head start. self-denial helps you continue what you have started. Remember. these two do non vouch success in accomplishing high classs. but it is decidedly one measure closer to that end in head. B. System for reading textbooks A reading-study system is a bit-by-bit method for placing. reading. analyzing. retaining. and remembering the most of import information in a text edition chapter ( Johnson. 450 ) . There are many reading-study systems and among those identified in the book Stiring up Thinking are the undermentioned: SQ3RSurvey? Question? Read? Recite? Review SQ4RSurvey? Question? Read? Recite? Rite ? Review POINTPurpose? Overview? Interpret? Note? Test OK4ROverview? Key Ideas? Read? Recite? Review? Reflect OK5ROverview? Key Ideas? Read? Record? Recite? Review? Reflect PQRSTPreview? Question? Read? Summarize? Test RSVPReview? Study? Verbalize? Preview OARWETOverview? Ask? Read? Write? Evaluate? Test PANORAMAPurpose? Adaptability? Need to oppugn? Overview? Read? Annotate? Memorize? Assess There is really nil theoretically better than the remainder of the systems. It truly depends on the individual reading which survey system would work good in her personality and behaviour. These aid you understand and pay more attending to of import inside informations. C. Assessing what you read After reading a text edition. dispute the information that you’ve learned and measure the text more carefully. This activity would divide the critical readers from those who are merely reading for the interest of fulfilling demands. As readers already in higher instruction. it is expected that we dig deeper than groking the words that appear before our eyes. Higher degree of believing suggests that we should non accept everything as it is. Remember. non everything that we see in print is true or is acceptable. Skills should be developed in order to provide to this sort of mental activity. Acknowledging fact from sentiment Author of text editions do non ever show the facts blunt. The author besides injects his ain ideas or sentiments about the topic which he could utilize as support for a point that he/she wants to turn out. Acknowledging that the statement is an sentiment gives you the thought that you may or may non hold with what is written before you. Bear in head though that sentiments reflect the individual’s personal responses to people. events. and thoughts. so you can non turn out them true or false. accurate or inaccurate. right or incorrect ( Flemming. 203 ) . Bing an sentiment. be cognizant that you need to measure the text in order to hold with the sentiment of the writer or disagree and explicate your ain. Opinions are statements that express feelings. attitudes or beliefs and are neither true nor false ( McWhorter. 392 ) . To turn up sentiment in a text. be guided by the undermentioned words that suggest that what is written is simply an sentiment and non a fact: seems. appears. presumptively. likely. arguably. in my position. this suggests. and others. Facts. on the other manus. are statements that can be verified? that is. proven to be true or false ( McWhorter. 392 ) . Once they are verified by background or old cognition and if they are presented with a dependable beginning. so it could be regarded as true. Otherwise. there is once more a demand to verify what you’ve read through other agencies like farther reading about the topic or inquiring your professors or people who have more cognition about the subject. Understanding Tone and Aim The tone contributes to the impact that the text would do to the reader. Similar to unwritten address wherein you are really much aware of the speaker’s tone. text editions besides mirror tone that would appeal best to the author’s audience. intent. or capable affair. Acknowledging the manner that the author presents statements in a book helps you to be more nonsubjective. For illustration. the text discusses drug dependence. If the writer writes something like – Drug dependence has been a major job in any given topographic point and it is but right that constabulary functionaries start to beef up their run on illegal drugs to protect the community against offenses. Illegal drugs should be solved every bit shortly as possible – and you realize that the author uses an important tone. it will be of aid to you as a reader to cognize what the general feeling of the author is. In the terminal. you would be able to experience the sentiments of the author and at the same clip you could measure the text more for your ain apprehension. The intent of the writer reflects his/her purpose for composing. There are many different grounds why writers write? to knock. describe. explain. turn out. celebrate. expose. and so on? most of those grounds or intents fall under two general headers: composing meant to inform or explicate. and composing meant to carry or convert ( Flemming. 237 ) . The intent of the writer for authorship is evidenced by the tone elicited by the text. Designation of the intent of the author is of import because this would steer you in seting how critical you have to be. For illustration. an writer who writes to depict implies less critical thought than an writer who writes to carry. It is of import to cognize the degree of critical thought to be applied because this is your footing into by how far you have to look into the text as it is presented by the writer. Acknowledging and measuring prejudice Readers are human. and therefore capable to assorted biass? to state nil of credulousness. ignorance and emotionality ( Kurland. 163 ) . Bias does non needfully hold to be bad. In fact. this serves as usher for the reader to indicate out which parts of the text are debatable or which needs to be farther evaluated. Biass provide the reader a point of bound as to how far the writer has gone with such prejudice. whether or non the prejudice is still justifiable or when it has already affected the writer’s position in every bit far as it becomes a hinderance for the author to give accurate appraisal over something. Textbooks are chiefly enlightening. and authors in this type of book by and large maintain their prejudices among themselves. Biass don’t appear every bit apparent as it would be as in to that of persuasive text. but somehow writers write in away that reflect their prejudice. For case. an writer who does non like the president could depict the president in a manner that the writer would name many inside informations sing the jobs that the disposal faced during the president’s clip. and would restrict the information about the successful undertakings that were implemented. In here. the reader should be alert so as non merely to sit along and merely absorb the given information of the writer. Using your background cognition To cognize which information you should farther brood into. look into if the statements provided in the text edition coincide with your old or background cognition. Background cognition is the footing for the decisions that you will do after reading the text. The impression of anterior cognition encompasses factual cognition because anterior cognition includes understanding based on experiences every bit good as premises about society and cultural values ( Kurland. 37 ) . Therefore. any statement that clashes with what you antecedently know is worth the clip to chew over upon. It could be that what you antecedently cognize might be incorrect or the statement given in the book is false. This sort of comparing would assist you go more open-minded and more effectual in doing determinations that are connected with the information that you learn. III. Application/Case survey ( mention to Appendix for the complete instance ) After being motivated for your reading assignment. holding a system for larning and being cognizant of the accomplishments necessary in understanding a text. let’s take a expression at the instance of this school miss. Yamillet who does non execute good in one of her reading topics. Yamillet is a pupil who is non interested in reading. Her reading comprehension demands betterment because she finds it difficult to retrieve the chief thoughts and inside informations of a text that she has read. She besides has problem with respects to understanding texts read independently. However. when texts are read aloud. her comprehension improves. The first thing that I would urge to Yamillet is sing her attitude on reading. She needs to be able to be motivated on reading. I know that it is non easy to get down wishing reading. but holding a positive attitude on it will certainly assist. For a start. she should be asked to read texts that are of her involvement. Harmonizing to her. she invariably reads the athleticss subdivision of the newspaper and action and chilling books appeal to her. The usage of reading stuffs of this sort to assist her in her reading comprehension would be really utile. Using these stuffs. she could hold exercisings on placing the chief thoughts and the inside informations of a given text. Reading of the stuffs that involvement her should shortly be followed by incorporating other reading stuffs that she is non excessively fond of. Reading assignments are non ever about subjects that involvement you. so Yamillet has to develop a positive attitude on reading. There would be more reading that she would encounter as she gets into the following degree of her instruction. Since Yamillet finds it difficult to grok texts read mutely. she could develop a survey system that would work for her. There are many reading-study systems already formulated. and she merely needs to happen the right method for her to better in independent reading assignments. The reading-study system that I would urge to her is OK4R ( Overview? Key Ideas? Read? Recite? Review? Reflect ) . I believe that this system would work for her because first of all. she needs to develop her acknowledgment of the chief thoughts and back uping inside informations. She would make this in the overview and cardinal thoughts portion of the OK4R. Next. of class is the existent reading itself. And since she finds it difficult to grok during independent readings. she has to declaim what she has learned. Subsequently. she has to reexamine back what she has read and compare it to what she had recited. Finally. Yamillet demands to reflect on the lessons and information that she has gained and associate it to her life or to events that she is familiar of to retain the information she got.

Whats the Best Food to Eat Before a Test

Whats the Best Food to Eat Before a Test Proper nutrition is important, and doubly so on important days like when you take a test. Keeping up your energy during the exam is crucial to your success. Ever had one of those times when youre staring at the sheet and are just drawing a blank, even though you know for sure youve studied this? It might be because you didnt pay proper attention to what you ate, and it resulted in your blood sugar flatlining at the worst moment. Heres a little guide on how to avoid it happening again. Eat Light the Night Before If youre cramming the night before a test (like any proper student would), it might be hard not to get pizza as a way of rewarding yourself. You should consider putting off that reward until you actually write the test, though. Its best to wake up hungry and not with that pregnant feeling everyone gets when eating right before going to bed. Drink Water First thing you should do for energy is drink water. Americans, as a whole, dont drink enough liquids, if you discount for sugary drinks. A glass of cold water on an empty stomach is a great way to start the day and boost your metabolism – which means youll have more energy throughout the day. Eat Your Vitamins Starting your day right means getting all the vitamins your body is going to need throughout the day. Consider, at the least, fish oil and a vitamin B supplement. Fish oil is great for energy boosting, as well as increasing metabolism and clearing up skin, and without sufficient B12, your body is not going to have proper energy reserves, and thats just two of them. Getting a blood test from your doctor will tell you better what daily supplements you should be taking. Caffeine and Energy Drinks Unless youre a total, complete addict, youll want to go without coffee and especially energy drinks. Drinking them gives an energy boost, but the crash or comedown is not worth it, especially if it happens while youre taking your test. If you absolutely cannot start the day without a beverage to bolster your energy, try green tea. It has lower amounts of caffeine, but does have anti-oxidants that coffee lacks. Eat Breakfast The most important meal of the day. If youre one of those people who doesnt have their first meal until lunchtime, you should think about having a proper breakfast. This will provide you with the energy boost you get from coffee, and sustain you until you have lunch. Since breakfast is the most vital meal of the day, you should be all that choosier with what you eat. Try and avoid sugary cereals. Yes, theyre pretty much the best, and you might say, why even wake up if I cant have my sugar fix right away? The same reason as coffee: sugar, as well as all carbs, gets you going fast, and you crash just as hard. Its the thing that metabolizes the fastest, so it wont sustain you for very long, and, as has been said above, were trying to avoid that crash. Instead of Lucky Charms, try something thats high in fat and protein. Eggs with hummus, for instance. Some sort of lean meat, like grass-fed beef or salmon is also a great way to start the day. Try it with some avocado for those healthy omega acids, and eat it on an English muffin to avoid being completely boring with your food choices. If youre a vegan, try mixing quinoa or chickpeas with some spinach or kale, add some nuts, and dress with vinegar for a morning salad. Whatever youre eating on exam day, be conscious of how long its going to sustain you for. You know your body best, and if you know a Red Bull in the morning and a Red Bull before the test is going to get you through it, then, by all means, indulge. Keep in mind, though, youre not going to be 20 forever, and at some point youre going to have to think about how healthy the choices youre making are. Until then, have fun.

Critically discuss the arguments for and against the use of fair Essay - 1

Critically discuss the arguments for and against the use of fair values in the preparation and presentation of financial statements. Cite literature to support your answer - Essay Example As the report explores financial statements need to be comparable from one year to the next and between one company and another. However, even though fair values may be said to be current and therefore more comparable, the fact that judgement need to be exercised brings subjectivity into play. In addition to that, those judgements on which investors and other stakeholders depend have their own agenda. In some cases they may exercise their judgement in such a way as to manipulate the accounts. This therefore brings us back to the reliability of the figures in the financial statements. This essay stresses that the arguments against fair value accounting appear to outnumber those in favour. Most of the arguments against essentially relate to the classification of financial instruments the fair value hierarchy. According to Ernest and Young the 2008 amendment of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) requires that the classification of financial instruments be recorded at fair value in a hierarchy consisting of three levels. The first levelrelates to quoted prices that have not been adjusted for identical assets and liabilities in active markets. The second level relates to input prices but excludes quoted prices which are included in the first level and which can be observed directly for assets and liabilities, in the form of prices or in the form of derived prices indirectly. The third level relates to both assets and liabilities that are not based on market data that can be observed.

Legality On The War In Iraq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Legality On The War In Iraq - Essay Example Not only were civilian casualties huge, but countless soldiers died hostility and in the result of the fight. Even inferior, this whole war was built of false premises and deceptive proof. Iraq is a country that was created after world war 1, by the then coalition. It neighbours with Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Syria and Jordan. It is split, pretty much in two by the rivers, Tigress and Euphrates. Habitation and life along these two waterways have flourished since the dawn of time. In biblical times it was a flourishing water way, important for trade. The ground found in between these two is known as Mesopotamia. The cradle of life itself. Iraq is also close to Bethlehem and Jerusalem. So there for the people in this region have very strong religious beliefs. Iraq is also dominated by desert. It is does not have sand dunes or sand hills spreading for miles. The Iraq desert is however almost completely flat with occasional wadi's breaking the landscape. The ground is also dry and a lot of the desert is also bedrock. The weather that this desert can produce in the winter can be unrelenting. As T.E. Lawrence writes. The gulf war of 1991 saw some of the worst weather the region had suffered for thirty years. Iraq itself comprises three main groups: Sunni Muslims in the centre nearby the capital of Baghdad, Kurds in the north plus Shi'a Muslims in the south. Concerning 15% of the population is Kurdish, 80% Arab. A number of 60% are Shi'ite Arab Muslims like their neighbours in Iran, but they are Arabs, not Persians. No doubt, there are also significant Assyrian and Turkomen minorities in the north. These lesser groups were not known any national rights when a resolution was made. So consequently civil war and turbulence has spooked Iraq still since. In 1931/1932 Iraq gained self-government. This was beneath a pro-British government under King Feisal plus Nuri-as-Said. A coup was stopped up by the British in 1941. In 1958, the pro-West government was conquering by Abd al-Karim Qasim. Qasim stay alive effort coups by the Ba'athist communal gathering which Saddam Hussein donates in. Kuwait and other neighbours go after in 1961 which Iraq laid claims on, mostly oil. Qasim was conquering in 1963 by Abd al-Salam Arif; they say that with the help of the CIA. Arif was conquered by a Baathist coup in 1968. By 1979 Saddam Hussein was major minister and was bearing in mind tyranny government for which he is so well identified for. Saddam chosen high officials from members of his family and inhabitant town Tikriti. Meaning he could faith them more, creation a coup (past leaders downfalls) less probable. U.S. Practice Going to conflict by means of Iraq was unjust, needless and illegal. Was the assault on Iraq justified beneath the United Nations (UN) Charter The Bush management surely felt that its understanding of the articles pertaining to self protection in the UN gave plenty justification for the war. According to a lot of United States officials, aggressive Iraq was lawful under the UN Charter, Article 51, which states: nations have the "right of, human being or communal self defence if an armed assault occurs against a member of the United Nations, until the Security

long-term memory systems of the human brain

long-term memory systems of the human brain Current knowledge is summarized about long-term memory systems of the human brain, with memory systems defined as specific neural networks that support specific mnemonic processes. In the late 19th Century, German Psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus established that humans tend to forget most of what they learn in a class within thirty days. Without some aid to help us retain what we learn, massive amounts of crucial information are lost. This paper describes about the how to improve our memory, how repetition improves the efficiency of memory processing, by improving physical well-being how it helps improving memory, and ways to increase our depths of level of memory processing. Introduction In psychology, memory  is regulated by a constantly changing organization of consciousness or an organisms ability to store, retain, and subsequently retrieve information. It has been hypothesized that three processes occur in remembering: perception and registering of a stimulus, temporary maintenance of the perception, or short-term memory; and lasting storage of the perception, or long-term memory. Two major recognized types of long-term cognitive memory are: Procedural memory-involving the recall of learned skills. Declarative memory-the remembrance of specific stimuli. For long-term memory to occur there must be a period of information consolidation. A conscious awareness in remember that they are recollecting something of the past. Some of what we experience day to day is stored away in our minds for future reference, but much of it is not. For example, you might describe in vivid detail the interior of a quaint ice cream parlor you visited last summer, but be unable to recall what flavor ice cream you had. On closer reflection, this is only the tip of the iceberg when we look at the full range of human memory capabilities. One of the interesting features of your memory system is that you dont control what is stored because much of our memory is submerged from conscious view. Memory is an integral part of our existence, yet it is only vaguely understood. When you want to remember something doesnt mean that you can remember the entire. Indeed, when you thinking, most of what you thinking is not stuff that you consciously try to store. You didnt try to commit the whole thing that you did to your memory. In this regard, you might be unable to remember a complete of the event. Its hard to grasp just how specific, or narrow of your thoughts and your memories. For example, suppose you passing your neighbors house, you encounter a barking dog. There are several aspects of the dog that you could think about. Perhaps you could think about the sound of the dogs bark, what the dog looked like, or the meaning of the bark like why its barking, whether its barking at you, the possible that a barking dog will bite, and so on. Each of these thoughts will lead you to different memories of the event the next day. If you think about the sound of the dogs bark, the next day youll probably remember that quite well, but not its appearance. To put this example into broader terms, even simple concepts have multiple aspects of meaning, which one of these you think about will determine what you remember. Literature Review Ways to Improve Memory There are 16 ways to improve our memory. The ways included convince ourselves that we do have a good memory that will improve, exercise your brain, exercise daily, reduce stress, eat well and eat right, take better pictures, give yourself time to form a memory, create vivid and memorable images, repeat things you need to learn, group things you need to remember, organize your life, try meditation, sleep well, build your memorization arsenal, venture out and learn from mistake and listening to binaural beats. (Ben Rubenstein, Theresa Mulligan Tom Viren, 2010) In the article Improving Your Memory-Tips and Technique for Memory Enhancement (Ellen Jaffe-Gill, M.A., Amara Rose, Gina Kemp, M.A., and Suzanne Barston, 2007), they suggested the stages of memory foundation and maintenance. The stages are acquisition, consolidation and retrieval. Besides that, they stated the tips for memory improvements. They suggested that brain exercises can improve memory because memory is just like a muscular strength, the more we work out our brain, and the better we will be able to process and remember information. Furthermore, they also stated the general guidelines and mnemonic devices to improve memory. Healthy habits and nutrition also suggested by them to improve our memory. In Human Memory: What It is and How to Improve It suggested that there are many ways to improve our memory such as the use of certain mental technique, special care with nutrition and medicines (Silvia Helena Cardoso, 1997). For example, stimulate memory with using it to the utmost and challenge a novelty. Pay attention, concentrate and avoid all other thoughts can help us to improve our memory. Other ways which can improve our memory is relax, sleep and nutrition. Besides that, medication, alcohol, smoking and caffeine are believed that may interfere the memory function. Studies have shown that, when compared with non-smokers, individuals smokers of one or more packs of cigarettes a day had difficulties of remembering peoples faces and names in a test of visual and verbal memory (Turkington, 1996). We tend to forget things much easier as we age because the neurons in our brain responsible for memory lose elasticity over time. However, he suggested some methods to maintain a great memory for as long as possible. Sleep well is one of the methods he had suggested. Besides that, use acronyms and other mnemonic devices also help to improve our memory. Rest and eat brain super foods also suggested by him to improve our memory. (Todd ,2007) There are 7 mnemonic devices to improve our memory. First, pegword method that is useful for memorizing lists of unrelated items in order with create a visual image of each item in the list with a peg word. Second, method of loci which is useful for memorizing lists of unrelated items in order with commits a mental walk to memory. Third, use acronym method which creates an acronym using the first letter of each of the items. Fourth, use the acrostic method which creates a sentence in which the first letter of each provides a cue for the materials. Fifth, music or rhymes method can be use to set a familiar tune, rhythm or rhyme on the materials that we going to memorize. Sixth, mnemonic association is the method which associated to-be-remember materials with an aspect of the material that is hard to remember. Lastly, the keyword method can be use for foreign vocabulary words. (Daniel T. Willingham, 2009) Almost everyone would like to improve their memory. The temporal lobes of the brain are located behind the eyes and under the temples at the sides of head. The temporal lobes of the brain are associated with short-term memory and transferring memories to long-term storage. In addition, the temporal lobes are involved with language, reading social cues, understanding music and tone of voice, and mood stability. The hippocampus is another part of the brain located closer to the center and next to the temporal lobes. The hippocampus stores new information for several weeks and helps a person learn new skills. Omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants are important in improving our memory. (Wendy Hodsdon, ND, 2006) A multitude of molecular, cellular, systems and behavioral findings have demonstrated the need for sleep after learning for the consolidation of memory. (Seung-Schik Yoo, Peter T Hu, Ninad Gujar, Ferenc A Jolesz and Matthew P Walker, 2007) Short-term memory Short-term memory-closely related to working memory-is the very short time that you keep something in mind before either dismissing it or transferring it to long-term memory. Short-term memory is shorter than you might think, lasting less than a minute. Its what allows you to remember the first half of a sentence you hear or read long enough to make sense of the end of the sentence. But in order to store that sentence (or thought, fact, idea, word, impression, sight, or whatever else) for longer than a minute or so, it has to be transferred to long-term memory. Short term memory (STM) is a limited capacity store that, for example, can be assessed with a digit span task. Most people can hold between five and nine items in STM, but by chunking items together can hold more information. Without rehearsal, this memory trace fades over the course of minutes. A current debate is about how much of this is due to decay alone or interference from subsequent stimuli. Recall for items often shows a J-shaped serial position curve where early and late items presented in a list are recalled better. Late item success is known as the recency effect and reflects short term memory fading, while early item success is known as the primacy effect and is tough to reflect a long term store (Matlin, 1996). Short-term memory allows one to recall something from several seconds to as long as a minute without rehearsal. Short-term memory is believed to rely mostly on an acoustic code for storing information, and to a lesser extent a visual code. Conrad (1964) found that test subjects had more difficulty recalling collections of words that were acoustically similar (e.g. dog, hog, fog, bog, log). This is the process whereby we can take advantage of prior knowledge to package information more effectively and hence to enhance storage and retrieval. For example, sequence of digits that comprised a number of familiar dates, such as 1492 1776 1945, would be easier to recall then the same 12 digits in random order. However, short-term memory has been an unexplainable phenomenon with certain individuals gifted to remember large amounts of information, quickly, and be able to recall that information in seconds. Short-term memory is supported by transient patterns of neuronal communication, dependent on regions of the frontal lobe  (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the parietal lobe. The limited information which manages to pass the hurdle of selective filtering is not necessarily retained with any degree of permanence. It is placed in a temporary storage unit, where information is held just long enough for it to be analyzed and transferred to long term memory. Information received is held only for about five to twenty seconds, and if it is not attended to, either decays or is lost (Magill, 2001). Part of the process of registering the information in the STM is to transform or encode it so it is capable of being rehearsed or practiced and later stored. Emphasis should be on rehearsing the information. It is here that the learner understands the meaning, message, intent, value and the representation of the information in relationship to other information in the memory. In motor skill learning, it is important that coaches and teachers should take into account the capacity of the STM. If a lot of information of a particular skill is given at any one time, then it is impossible for most students to remember all the instructions. So instructions are best kept brief, or broken down into parts to the degree that attention is properly maintained. As we grow older with many cognitive conditions, our short-term memory span often becomes even shorter. This makes us more likely to have trouble keeping up with certain tasks, such as remembering which button to push in a banks phone menu. It also gives our brains less time to successfully move new information to long-term memory, which makes us more likely to forget details of recent events, such as a story our children tell us or instructions our doctors give us. Long-Term Memory Long-term memory, or LTM, is the storehouse for information that must be kept for long periods of time. But LTM is not just a more durable version of STM; the stage model of memory suggests its a different kind of memory altogether. The storage in sensory memory and short-term memory generally have a strictly limited capacity and duration, which means that information is available only for a certain period of time, but is not retained indefinitely. By contrast, long-term memory can store much larger quantities of information for potentially unlimited duration. Its capacity is immeasurably large. Long-term memories, on the other hand, are maintained by more stable and permanent changes in neural connections widely spread throughout the brain. The hippocampus is essential (for learning new information) to the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memory, although it does not seem to store information itself. Without the hippocampus, new memories are unable to be stored into long-term memory, and there will be a very short attention span. Furthermore, it may be involved in changing neural connections for a period of three months or more after the initial learning. Types of Long-Term Memory Tulving (1987) has proposed the existence of three kinds of long-term memory stage, each with distinctly different properties, and each probably based on different brain mechanisms. The three type of Long-term memory: Procedural Memory -Memory for motor movement and skills -Knowledge about how to do something Semantic Memory -Memory for meaning without reference to the time and place of learning -Memories that recall a personal moment from our past Episodic Memory -Knowledge about the world -Memory for specific experiences that can be defined in terms of time and space -Stores as facts that make little or no reference to ones personal experiences These various parts of long-term memory do not operate in isolation from one another. While it is not clear how they work together, it is clear that they are related and overlap. (Tulving,1972) Storing Information for the Long-Term Memory To store information over the long-term memory, you need to produce elaborate and distinctive memory records. Focusing on the meaning of the input, relating to be remembered information to other things in memory, and forming visual images of the input all lead to distinctive memory records. Forming a visual image is particularly effective, and many memory aids, or mnemonic devices, are based on the use of imagery. Long-term memory also depends on how information is actually presented: Item presented near the beginning and end of a sequence are remembered well, are as items that have been repeated. Spaced or distributed practice turns out to be more effective than massed practice. Two major problems related to the use of long-term memory: To transfer the information accurately to long-term memory. To retrieve the information accurately. The primary strategy for transferring information from working memory into long-term memory is referred to as encoding or elaboration. These terms refer to the process of relating information to other information that is already stored in long-term memory. Piaget and other constructivists have developed detailed theories regarding how information is stored in long-term memory. Differences between LTM and STM in four major ways: The way in which information is recalled: The amount of information stored in LTM is so vast, we cannot scan the entire contents of LTM when we looking for a bit of information, as we do in STM. Instead, LTM has to be indexed. We retrieve information from LTM using cues, much as we use a call number to locate a book in the library. This retrieval can be an intentional act or an unintentional one, as when hearing a particular song brings back memories of a lost love. In either case, only information relevant to the cue is retrieved, rather than the entire contents of LTM. The form in which information is stored in memory: LTM differs from STM in the kind of information that is most easily stored. You will recall that information is usually stored in STM in terms of the physical qualities of the experience (what we saw, did, tasted, touched, or heard), with a special emphasis on acoustic codes. Although sensory memories can be stored in LTM, information is stored in LTM primarily in terms of its meaning, or semantic codes. The reasons that forgetting occurs: Unlike STM, where information that is not rehearsed or processed appears to drop out the system, information stored in LTM is not just durable but actually appears to be permanent. Not all psychologists agree that memories in LTM are permanent, but there is a great deal of evidence supporting this view. If memories in LTM are indeed permanent, this means that forgetting occurs in LTM not because the memory is erased buy because we are unable to retrieve in for some reason. The physical location of these functions in the brain: STM is primarily a function of the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex, whereas information that is stored in LTM is first integrated in the hippocampus and then transferred to the areas of the cerebral cortex involved in language and perception for permanent storage. Stages of Memory Foundation and Maintenance There are 3 stages of memory foundation and maintenance: acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval. At acquisition stage, new information enters our brain. The key to encoding information into our memory is concentration. Unless we focus on information intently, otherwise it goes in one ear and out the other. At second stage, that is consolidation, hippocampus sends a signal to store the information as long-term memory. When we need to recall the information, we reach retrieval stage. Our brain have to activate the same pattern of nerve cells used to store it. The more frequently you need the information, the easier it is to retrieve it along healthy nerve cell connections (Ellen Jaffe-Gill, M.A., Amara Rose, Gina Kemp, M.A., and Suzanne Barston, 2007). How To Improve Memory A) Sleep Well Everyone in the world needs consistently 7-8 sleeping hours to increase our memory. While sleeping, the brain disconnects from the senses, proceeds to revising and storing memory. Besides that, the brain appears to firm up memories of newly acquired information during sleep. At day time, a quick nap can be the impetus for a solution to a problem you have been working (Todd, 2007). Sleep is necessary for memory consolidation. The amount of sleep will affect the brains ability to recall recently learned information. According to recent studies conducted at the Harvard Medical School, getting a good nights sleep may improve our short-term memory and long-term relational memory (Ben Rubenstein, Theresa Mulligan Tom Viren, 2010). Insomnia would produce a chronic fatigue and would impair the ability of concentration and the storing of information (Silvia Helena Cardoso, PhD, 1997). B) Nutrition Eat well and eat right are very essential to improve our memory. Roughly 50-60% of the brains overall weight is pure fat, which is used as insulation for its billions of nerve cells.   The better insulated a cell, the faster it sends messages and the speedier our thinking.   Therefore eating foods with a healthy mix of fats is essential for long-term memory.   Fish, especially wild salmon, mackerel and anchovies, and dark leafy green vegetables are excellent choices (Todd, 2007) B vitamins, especially B6, B12 and folic acid are good for our memory. These vitamins protect neurons by breaking down an amino acid, homocysteine, which is toxic to nerve cells. These vitamins also involved in making red blood cells, which carry oxygen. The best sources of B vitamins is spinach and other dark leafy greens, broccoli, asparagus, strawberries, melons, black beans and other legumes, citrus fruits and soybeans (Ellen Jaffe-Gill, M.A., Amara Rose, Gina Kemp, M.A., and Suzanne Barston, 2007). Besides that, antioxidants like vitamins C, vitamins E and carotene are also essential in improve our memory. Antioxidants fight free radicals which are highly reactive and can damage cells that can occur with age. Antioxidants interact with them safely and neutralize them. Antioxidants also improve the flow of oxygen through the body and brain (Ellen Jaffe-Gill, M.A., Amara Rose, Gina Kemp, M.A., and Suzanne Barston, 2007). Eating many colors of fruits and vegetables ensures a wide variety of antioxidants to nourish and protect the brain. The best sources of antioxidants are blueberries and other berries, sweet potatoes, red tomatoes, spinach, broccoli, green tea, nuts and seeds, citrus fruits, liver (Wendy Hodsdon, ND, 2006). Furthermore, Omega-3 fatty acids are a major component of the gray matter of the brain and can also improve brain activity. They count as healthy fats, as opposed to saturated fats and trans fats, omega-3 fatty acids protecting against inflammation and high cholesterol (Ellen Jaffe-Gill, M.A., Amara Rose, Gina Kemp, M.A., and Suzanne Barston, 2007). The fat in the brain is essential to proper nerve function, in nerve membranes, and as a component of brain synapses. People who eat diets high in saturated fats or trans-fatty acids frequently will show signs of dementia earlier than people who eat fish regularly. Omega-3 fatty acids can found in wild-caught, deep sea fish like wild salmon, tuna, mackerel and herring. Fish oil supplement is good for the brain and memory (Wendy Hodsdon, ND, 2006). Moreover, water is also an essential source for our memory. Water help maintain the memory systems working, especially in older persons. According to Dr. Trukington, lack of water in the body has an immediate and deep effect on memory, dehydration can generate confusion and other thought difficulties (Silvia Helena Cardoso, PhD, 1997). C) Brain Exercise Memory, like muscular strength, is a use it or lose it proposition. The more we work out our brain, the better we will be able to process and remember the information. Regularly exercising the brain keeps it growing and spurs the development of new nerve connections that can help improve memory (Ellen Jaffe-Gill, M.A., Amara Rose, Gina Kemp, M.A., and Suzanne Barston, 2007). By developing new mental skills we can keep our brain active and improve its physiological functioning. The mental skills can be puzzles and games like crossword and Sudoku which can practice on for several minutes per day. Novelty and sensory stimulation are the foundation of brain exercise. We can use our memory to the utmost and challenge a novelty and they can be fun. Almost any silly suggestion can work, says David Eagleman, PhD, neuroscientist and assistant professor at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas. For example, if you work in an office, learn to dance. If you are a dancer, learn to deal with a computer. This could stimulate your brains neural circuits to grow. Besides that, we can try a neurabic exercise, which is an aerobic exercise for our brain. This will force us to use your faculties in unusual ways, like showering and getting dressed  with our eyes closed, take a course in a subject we dont know much about, learn a new game of strategy, cook up some rec ipes in an unfamiliar cuisine, drive home via a different route, brush teeth with opposite hand. Thats the most effective way to keep your synapses firing (Ben Rubenstein, Theresa Mulligan Tom Viren, 2010). D ( i) Repetition Priming Definition: the repetition effect: a repeated stimulus is processed better on the second occurrence than on the first. (Christophe Pallier , Nuria Sebasti ´an-Gall ´es and Angels Colom ´e, 1999) Repeated process of a stimulus often facilitates performance on a cognitive task. This facilitation is known as repetition priming and, because it can arise in the absence of conscious recollection of the original stimulus presentation, is often assumed to reveal an implicit form of memory. Repetition priming is a very reliable phenomenon and has been observed in numerous tasks for example, lexical decision (Scarborough, Cortese, and Scarborough, 1977) and word-fragment completion (Tulving, Schacter, Stark, 1982) The basic effect reported in numerous masked repetition priming studies is that manipulating the similarity of a briefly presented, pattern masked prime word and an immediately following and clearly visible target word produces systematic differences in target reaction time (RT; greater overlap = faster RTs). Such effects have typically been interpreted as reflecting processing that is started by the masked prime and then modified when the ensuing target is similar to or different from the prime along some dimension of interest (e.g., orthographic, lexical, or semantic). Because subjects are usually unaware of the identity of the prime, it is widely believed that this type of priming is predominantly sensitive to the fast feed-forward (automatic) components of word recognition (Forster, Mohan, Hector, 2003; Lamme, Zipsser, Spekreijse, 2002). Recently, several masked priming studies have reported that certain measures of neural activity are also sensitive to processes involved in visual letter and word processing (e.g., Dehaene et al., 2004; Grossi Coch, 2005; Holcomb Grainger, 2006; Petit, Grainger, Midgley, Holcomb, in press). In the late 19th Century, German Psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus established that humans forget 90% of what they learn in a class within thirty days. Without some aid to help us retain what we learn, massive amounts of crucial information are lost. The most powerful and simple technique to improve retention is repetition. D (ii) Repetitive Learning Science and plain, old-fashioned observations have proven that humans learn massive quantities from repetition. Advertising is a primary example of this phenomenon with companies spending billions of dollars to present us with seemingly mind-numbing repeated messages. These messages work, even though they are basically passive. Repetition is even more effective when it is an active process and if repetition has meaningful results, then learning will take place. (Jarrett Thoms, 2001) Many studies have demonstrated strong positive effects of repetition on learning. Repeated presentation of items increases memory for those items (Cyndi McDaniel, 2003). Repeated retrieval is also reported to improve memory. By repeating important concepts and then forcing the learner to retrieve those concepts several times, you strengthen the neural pathways, making subsequent retrieval easier and retention more durable and long-lasting. In us, memories do not naturally sit still in cold storage. (John Sutton, 2004) As repeated stimulus is processed better on the second occurrence than on the first, this shows that working memory can be reinforced via repetition, for example, students who practice more in mathematics will have a better chance to solve mathematical question easily when a similar question came out. E) Mnemonic devices Mnemonics are clues of any kind that help us remember something, usually by causing us to associate the information we want to remember with a visual image, a sentence, or a word. (Daniel T. Willingham, 2009) Peg-word system. Peg-word system is a method which is useful for memorizing list of unrelated items in order as well as the specific numbers associated with the words. The key to success in using the peg system is visual association. We can create a visual image of each item in the list with peg word. The pegs provide cues to memory. This method using bizarre imagery helps to ensure that the cues are distinctive and unlikely to be confused with other cues. For example, pegs which is rhyme with numbers, one is a bun, two is a shoe, three is a tree, four is a door, five is a hive and so on. Next, match these items with the list of words we want to remember. It becomes a task similar to the imagery activity in which we had to remember word pairs using visualization. For example: If we have to write an entry in your journal for school, we also have a geometry assignment due tomorrow, we also have to read a chapter from our psychology text book. We could use either a mental image of our t extbook, or an image that represents the topic in history that we are studying. Lets say we also had to walk the dog. Perhaps leash would be a good keyword. Then, we also have to remember to feed the dog dog bowl. We also plan to eat supper with our friends perhaps a plate or the dining room table would be good for this. We dont want to forget to brush our teeth after dinner. After dinner, you put your pajamas on, drink a glass of water, and go to sleep. We can use the peg system to track our schedule. (Daniel T. Willingham, 2009) bun + journal shoe + geometry shapes tree + history book door + leash hive + dog bowl sticks + plate heaven + toothbrush gate + pajamas vine + water hen + sleep Method of loci. This method also useful for memorizing lists of unrelated items in order. We can commit a mental walk to memory that is a familiar route with separate and identifiable locations, and then create a visual image that associates each item on the list with a location on the mental walk. In order to use the method of Loci, we must first imagine a place with which we are familiar. There are several possible places we could use. We must be able to identify several locations within that one place. It is best if these locations can be given a logical order, such as clockwise, or top to bottom. As with the peg-word strategy, method of loci using bizarre imagery helps to ensure that the cues are distinctive and unlikely to be confused with other cues. For example, heres a mental walk from my front door to my driveway. The first location is my front porch, which has a birds nest by the door, the second is the sidewalk, which has a large crack, and the third is my asphalt driveway with a red paint stain. To memorize the list onion, duck, artist, I would associate onion with my front door, perhaps by putting onions in the nest instead of eggs. Then Id associate duck with the sidewalk by imagining the duck with its beak stuck in the crack, and artist with an artist admiring the paint stain on the asphalt. (Daniel T. Willingham, 2009) Acronym and Acrostic. Create an acronym using the first letter of the items that we have to remember, if we can remember the acronym, we have a good cue for the items. For example, the planets, in order of their distance from the sun: Mecurey, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. We can memorize using acronym method: MVEMJSUNP = My Very Earnest Mother Just Served Us Nine Pickles. The colors of the rainbow, in order: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet. The acronym method used to memorize is ROY G. BIV (A made-up name). (Daniel T. Willingham, 2009) Music or Rhymes. The item that we have to remember is set to a familiar tune, set to a rhythm, or made into a rhyme. Rhymes are easier to remember because they can be stored by acoustic coding (a type of short term memory coding in which us remember information by the way it sounds). Music and rhymes are always use among young children as in learning alphabet with ABC song. If we forget the words, the melody can provide a cue to help us remember it. (Daniel T. Willingham, 2009) Keyword. This method is often used for foreign vocabulary words. When we would like to learn foreign language, we can find a word from any language we